|
Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891〔Luis Fortuño Janeiro. ''Album Histórico de Ponce (1692-1963).'' p. 290. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.〕 – April 21, 1965) was a Puerto Rican attorney and politician, and the leading figure in the Puerto Rican independence movement. Gifted in languages, he spoke six; graduating from Harvard Law School with the highest grade point average in his law class, an achievement that earned him the right to give the valedictorian speech at his graduation ceremony. However, animus towards his mixed racial heritage would lead to his professors delaying two of his final exams in order to keep Albizu Campos from graduating on time.〔"Juramentación de Pedro Albizu Campos como Abogado: Regreso de Harvard a Puerto Rico", ''La Voz de la Playa de Ponce'', Edición 132, November 2010. Page 7. A reproduction of a segment from the book ''Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos, un acercamiento a su biografía'', by Marisa Rosado (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto. 1991.)〕 During his time at Harvard University he became involved in the Irish struggle for independence.〔''Boston Daily Globe'', November 3, 1950.〕〔Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora (San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008), p. 71.〕 Albizu Campos was the president and spokesperson of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party from 1930 until his death in 1965. Because of his oratorical skill, he was hailed as El Maestro (The Teacher).〔Victor Villanueva. Colonial Memory and the Crime of Rhetoric: Pedro Albizu Campos. 2009. Page 636.〕 He was imprisoned twenty-six years for attempting to overthrow the United States government in Puerto Rico. In 1950, he planned and called for armed uprisings in several cities in Puerto Rico on behalf of independence. Afterward he was convicted and imprisoned again. He died in 1965 shortly after his pardon and release from federal prison, some time after suffering a stroke. There is controversy over his medical treatment in prison. ==Early life and education== Pedro Albizu Campos was born in the Tenerías sector of Barrio Machuelo Abajo in Ponce, Puerto Rico to Juana Campos, a domestic worker of Spanish, African and Taíno ancestry, on 12 September 1891. His father, Alejandro Albizu Romero, known as ''"El Vizcaíno,"'' was a Basque merchant, from a family of Spanish immigrants who had temporarily resided in Venezuela〔〔〔Federico Ribes Tovar, ''Albizu Campos" Puerto Rican Revolutionary,'' p. 17. Note: It says that his father, Alejandro Albizu Romero, known as "El Vizcaíno", was a Basque merchant living in Ponce. His mother, Julia Campos is described as being of Spanish, Indian (Taíno) and African descent.〕 From an educated family, Albizu was the nephew of the ''danza'' composer Juan Morel Campos, and cousin of Puerto Rican educator Dr. Carlos Albizu Miranda. The boy's mother died when he was young and his father did not acknowledge him until he was at Harvard University.〔A. W. Maldonado, ''Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution'', La Editorial, University of Puerto Rico, 2006, p. 85〕 Albizu Campos graduated from Ponce High School,〔(''Puerto Rico's Secret Police/FBI Files on Suspect #4232070, Pedro Albizu Campos.'' ), Federal Bureau of Investigation. In, "Freedom of Information - Privacy Acts Section. Office of Public and Congressional Affairs. Subject: Pedro Albizu Campos. File Number 105-11898, Section XIII." Page 38. Retrieved 31 December 2011.〕 a "public school for the city's white elite."〔 In 1912, Albizu was awarded a scholarship to study Engineering, specializing in Chemistry, at the University of Vermont. In 1913, he transferred to Harvard University so as to continue his studies. At the outbreak of World War I, Albizu Campos volunteered in the United States Infantry. Albizu was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the Army Reserves and sent to the City of Ponce, where he organized the town's Home Guard. He was called to serve in the regular Army and sent to Camp Las Casas for further training. Upon completing the training, he was assigned to the 375th Infantry Regiment. The United States Army, then segregated, assigned Puerto Ricans of recognizably African descent as soldiers to the all-black units, such as the 375th Regiment. Officers were men classified as white, as was Albizu Campos. Albizu Campos was honorably discharged from the Army in 1919, with the rank of First Lieutenant. However, his exposure to racism during his time in the U.S. military altered his perspective on U.S.- Puerto Rico relations, and he became the leading advocate for Puerto Rican independence. In 1919, Albizu returned to his studies at Harvard University, where he was elected president of the Harvard Cosmopolitan Club. He met with foreign students and world leaders, such as Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian Nationalist leader, and the Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore. He became interested in the cause of Indian independence and also helped to establish several centers in Boston for Irish independence. Through this work, Albizu Campos met the Irish leader Éamon de Valera and later became a consultant in the drafting of the constitution of the Irish Free State.〔〔 Also while at Harvard University he co-founded the university's Knights of Columbus chapter along with other Catholic students.〔Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora (San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto, Inc., 2008), pp. 56-74.〕 Albizu graduated from Harvard Law School in 1921 while simultaneously studying Literature, Philosophy, Chemical Engineering, and Military Science at Harvard College. He was fluent in six modern and two classical languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Latin, and ancient Greek. Upon graduation from law school, Albizu Campos was recruited for prestigious positions, including a law clerkship to the U.S. Supreme Court, a diplomatic post with the U.S. State Department, the regional vice-presidency (Caribbean region) of a U.S. agricultural syndicate, and a tenured faculty appointment to the University of Puerto Rico. On June 23, 1921, after graduating from Harvard Law School, Albizu returned to Puerto Rico—but without his law diploma. He had been the victim of racial discrimination by one of his professors. He delayed Albizu Campos' third-year final exams for courses in Evidence and Corporations. Albizu was about to graduate with the highest grade-point average in his entire law school class. As such, he was scheduled to give the valedictory speech during the graduation ceremonies. His professor delayed his exams so that he could not complete his work, and avoided the "embarrassment" of a Puerto Rican law valedictorian.〔"Juramentación de Pedro Albizu Campos como Abogado: Regreso de Harvard a Puerto Rico", ''La Voz de la Playa de Ponce'', Edición 132, November 2010. Page 7. A reproduction of a segment from the book ''Las Llamas de la Aurora: Pedro Albizu Campos, un acercamiento a su biografía'', by Marisa Rosado (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Puerto. 1991.), p. 74.〕 Albizu Campos left the United States, took and passed the required two exams in Puerto Rico, and in June 1922 received his law degree by mail. He passed the bar exam and was admitted to the bar in Puerto Rico on February 11, 1924.〔("Juramentación de Pedro Albizu Campos como Abogado: Regreso de Harvard a Puerto Rico" ), Periódico ''La Voz de la Playa de Ponce'', November 2010, p. 7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pedro Albizu Campos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|